Integron-Mediated Convergence of Carbapenemase and Disinfectant Resistance in Acinetobacter spp. from Critical Care Units
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Acinetobacter spp. represents critical opportunistic pathogens driving severe bloodstream infections (BSIs) in intensive care unit (ICU) and neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) settings. The convergence of carbapenem resistance and emerging biocide tolerance, often mediated by mobile genetic elements, has intensified concerns regarding co-selection and persistence in clinical environments. A total of 90 molecularly confirmed Acinetobacter isolates (ICU = 44; NICU = 46) from bloodstream infections were analyzed. Antimicrobial susceptibility was determined using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method in accordance with CLSI M100 (2024) guidelines and extended-spectrum β-lactamase production was assessed by combined disc diffusion. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect carbapenemase genes (bla VIM , bla NDM , bla IMP , bla OXA-23 , bla OXA-58 ), biocide resistance determinants ( qacE, qacΔE1 ), and the class 1 integron-integrase gene ( intI1 ). Multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotypes were identified in 71.1% (64/90) and 22.2% (20/90) of isolates, respectively. High resistance (>71%) was observed against meropenem and cephalosporins, whereas colistin (51.1%, 46/90) and amikacin (47.8%, 43/90) showed moderate susceptibility. The most prevalent genotypes were qacΔE1 (76.6%, 69/90) and bla VIM (56.6%, 51/90). Statistical and network analyses revealed significant correlations between biocide and carbapenemase genes, identifying IntI1 as a primary driver of co-resistance. The findings demonstrate that integron-mediated co-carriage of carbapenemase and biocide resistance genes is a major driver of MDR and XDR phenotypes in Acinetobacter BSIs. This co-selection dynamic highlights the urgent need to reassess disinfection strategies alongside antimicrobial stewardship to curb the persistence and spread of highly resistant strains in critical care settings.
