Eco-evolutionary dynamics and environmental detoxification jointly shape bacterial community response to antibiotic perturbation

Microbial communities frequently encounter recurrent antibiotic disturbance, yet how ecological, evolutionary, and environmental processes jointly shape the response remains unresolved. Here we experimentally disentangle these mechanisms using a 23-species bacterial community exposed to ampicillin pulses with pre-pulse and resistance priming. Pre-pulse priming preconditioned composition toward resistant taxa, reducing compositional change during the main pulse. Resistance priming was the dominant determinant of community response, buffering change, relaxing selection, and altering gene expression. This buffering arose from both evolution of higher resistance and accelerated ampicillin detoxification by a dominant degrader, which transiently reduced antibiotic effects and favored non-degrading taxa. Yet buffering did not translate into better recovery: because resistance was coupled to competitive dominance, diversity remained comparable to or below ancestral communities and dominance was reinforced. Together, we show that antibiotic history reshapes microbial disturbance response through coupled eco-evolutionary and environmental feedbacks, generating a trade-off between resistance and recovery.