Prebiotic Selection as a Physical Process: An Information Quasi-Potential Framework for Chemical Convergence

The emergence of amino acids (AAs) and nucleobases (NBs) across meteorites, interstellar ices, and laboratory shock experiments presents a paradox: why do these specific molecular motifs—a minuscule subset of organic chemistry’s combinatorial space—appear repeatedly across diverse environments, in the absence of biological selection? We identify a physical mechanism, prebiotic selection , which biases driven chemical systems toward configurations with high stationary probability p *( x ) under sustained entropy flux. The bias is quantified by an information quasi-potential Φ _I ( x ) = − ln p *( x ), entering the overdamped Langevin dynamics where Σ is the local entropy production rate (Schnakenberg 1976). Φ _I is defined self-consistently via the full non-equilibrium stationary density, avoiding the circularity of identifying it with a scalar potential. Two central theorems underlie the framework. Theorem 1 establishes that ∇Σ and ∇Φ _I are generically linearly independent off equilibrium, so the dynamics is genuinely two-field. Theorem 2 (structural constraints on single-field gradient dynamics) shows that single-field models on compact manifolds (i) produce yield curves that are at most unimodal under linear driving, and (ii) combine disjoint perturbations additively, giving superlinearity factor S = 1 + O (∥ δV ∥ ² ). The observed superlinear synergy of Ferris et al. (1996) lies far outside this perturbative bound and therefore requires the two-field structure of EOM-IFF; the non-monotonic peak of Blank et al. (2001) is consistent with two-field dynamics and also with single-field dynamics in the unimodal-with-peak case of Theorem 2 part 1, so it does not by itself discriminate. From these results, we: (i) define a formal substrate-minimal criterion for prebiotic selection; (ii) show consistency with the non-monotonic shock-synthesis yield of Blank et al. (2001) ( R ² = 0.885, peak at P * = 28.4 ± 1.4 GPa); (iii) show consistency with the superlinear clay-catalysed RNA polymerisation of Ferris et al. (1996) (synergy factor S ≈ 5.75, robust under ±1-nucleotide measurement uncertainty); and (iv) state two further falsifiable predictions awaiting dedicated experimental tests. Every lemma and theorem is accompanied by explicit assumptions, regime of validity, and regime of failure; the framework’s scope is what it claims, not more. Prebiotic selection is identified as a physical process distinct from and prior to biological selection, offering a unified account of chemical convergence in carbon-nitrogen chemistry under sustained entropy flux.