Stress Recovery Through Mindful Breathing: Convergent Neural Signatures in Around-Ear and Scalp EEG

Mindfulness-based interventions effectively reduce stress and anxiety, yet the neural mechanisms underlying contemplative practices and their optimal implementation parameters remain poorly understood. A critical barrier to real-world application is the absence of validated minimally invasive neural recording technologies. Here, we simultaneously recorded full-coverage scalp and around-ear EEG during a 2×2×2 factorial design manipulating (1) cognitive state (mental arithmetic stress vs. passive viewing), (2) recovery strategy (mindful breathing meditation vs. mind-wandering), and (3) sensory context (eyes open vs. eyes closed). Mental arithmetic robustly elevated subjective stress and modulated canonical oscillatory patterns: increased midline frontal theta power (3-7 Hz), suppressed posterior alpha power (10-12 Hz), and enhanced posterior beta and gamma power (25-48 Hz). All rest conditions reduced subjective stress following stress induction, with eyes-closed mindful breathing producing maximal reduction. Critically, mindful breathing differentially modulated temporal beta and gamma power in a context-dependent manner, with effects determined by prior cognitive state and eye position. Eyes-closed meditation maximally suppressed gamma power within 20 seconds following arithmetic stress, whereas eyes-open meditation alone was sufficient for gamma suppression following passive viewing. Around-ear electrodes detected these stress and meditation signatures with comparable fidelity to scalp recordings. These findings reveal that mindful breathing engages rapid, context-dependent neural regulation mechanisms and establish that wearable EEG can reliably capture these dynamics, enabling real-world stress monitoring and mindfulness guidance.