MEX3B is a positive pan-inflammasome regulator

Inflammasomes lead to activation of inflammatory caspases, which induce pyroptosis and an inflammatory immune response to control microbial infections. Inflammasomes are tightly regulated to avoid lethal sepsis and chronic autoimmune conditions. However, posttranslational regulation of inflammatory caspases remains poorly defined. We constructed 375 individual ubiquitin ligase knockout lines by CRISPR-Cas9, performed an unbiased screening, and identified Muscle Excess 3B (MEX3B), an RNA-binding protein and ubiquitin ligase, as a positive regulator of the caspase-4 inflammasome. Genetic depletion of MEX3B inhibited not only the caspase-4 but also NLRP3 and NLRC4 inflammasomes, regarding caspase activation, pyroptosis, and secretion of inflammasome-dependent cytokines, in human cells and murine primary macrophages. This MEX3B function required its RNA-binding, but not ubiquitin ligase activity. These results suggest that MEX3B is a pan-inflammasome regulator and a potential therapeutic target for inflammation.