Lasting Changes to Circulating Leukocytes in People with Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infections
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Abstract
Survivors of severe SARS-CoV-2 infections frequently suffer from a range of post-infection sequelae. Whether survivors of mild or asymptomatic infections can expect any long-term health consequences is not yet known. Herein we investigated lasting changes to soluble inflammatory factors and cellular immune phenotype and function in individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections (n = 22), compared to those that had recovered from other mild respiratory infections (n = 11). Individuals who had experienced mild SARS-CoV-2 infections had elevated levels of C-reactive protein 1–3 months after symptom onset, and changes in phenotype and function of circulating T-cells that were not apparent in individuals 6–9 months post-symptom onset. Markers of monocyte activation, and expression of adherence and chemokine receptors indicative of altered migratory capacity, were also higher at 1–3 months post-infection in individuals who had mild SARS-CoV-2, but these were no longer elevated by 6–9 months post-infection. Perhaps most surprisingly, significantly more T-cells could be activated by polyclonal stimulation in individuals who had recently experienced a mild SARS-CoV-2, infection compared to individuals with other recent respiratory infections. These data are indicative of prolonged immune activation and systemic inflammation that persists for at least three months after mild or asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.09.25.21264117: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IRB: All protocols were approved by the Hamilton Research Ethics Board (#10757 and #11471). Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Measurements of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein and RBD IgG and IgA seropositivity were identified via validated serology ELISA as described by Huynh et al., 2021 [15]. antibodiessuggested: NoneAnti-SARS-CoV-2suggested: NoneRBD IgGsuggested: NoneAfter washing with PBS, plates were coated with diluted serum (1:100) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed, and incubated with 25 μL alkaline phosphatase conjugated … SciScore for 10.1101/2021.09.25.21264117: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IRB: All protocols were approved by the Hamilton Research Ethics Board (#10757 and #11471). Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Measurements of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies: Anti-SARS-CoV-2 full-length S protein and RBD IgG and IgA seropositivity were identified via validated serology ELISA as described by Huynh et al., 2021 [15]. antibodiessuggested: NoneAnti-SARS-CoV-2suggested: NoneRBD IgGsuggested: NoneAfter washing with PBS, plates were coated with diluted serum (1:100) for 1 hour at room temperature, washed, and incubated with 25 μL alkaline phosphatase conjugated antibodies goat anti-human IgG (1:2000) or goat anti-human IgA (1:500) (Jackson Immuno). anti-human IgGsuggested: Noneanti-human IgAsuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources Unstimulated wells served as negative controls, and polyclonal stimulation with CytoStim™ (0.5 μl/well, Miltenyi Biotec) was included as positive control. CytoStim™suggested: NoneStatistical analysis: Data and statistical analyses were done in FlowJo version 10.7.1, FlowJosuggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520), GraphPad Prism version 9, and R. GraphPadsuggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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