First Phylogenetic Analysis of Malian SARS-CoV-2 Sequences Provides Molecular Insights into the Genomic Diversity of the Sahel Region

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Abstract

We are currently facing a pandemic of COVID-19, caused by a spillover from an animal-originating coronavirus to humans occurring in the Wuhan region of China in December 2019. From China, the virus has spread to 188 countries and regions worldwide, reaching the Sahel region on 2 March 2020. Since whole genome sequencing (WGS) data is very crucial to understand the spreading dynamics of the ongoing pandemic, but only limited sequencing data is available from the Sahel region to date, we have focused our efforts on generating the first Malian sequencing data available. Screening 217 Malian patient samples for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in 38 positive isolates, from which 21 whole genome sequences were generated. Our analysis shows that both the early A (19B) and the later observed B (20A/C) clade are present in Mali, indicating multiple and independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 to the Sahel region.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2020.09.23.20165639: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    Institutional Review Board Statementnot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    Blindingnot detected.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.

    Table 2: Resources

    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    After passing sequence quality control, demultiplexing requiring barcodes at both ends of the reads was achieved using Porechop [15] and adapter trimming was achieved by the ARTIC pipeline [13] setting Wuhan-Hu-1 as reference strain for read mapping.
    Porechop
    suggested: (Porechop, RRID:SCR_016967)
    For this purpose, SARS-CoV-2 specific baits (myBaits Expert SARS-CoV-2, Arbor Sciences, BioCat, Heidelberg, Germany) were used according to the manufacturers’ instructions and captured libraries were sequenced using Sequencing V2 Reagent chemistry 300 cycles on a Micro Flow Cell (Illumina Inc, Berlin, Germany)
    BioCat
    suggested: (BioCAT, RRID:SCR_001440)
    The obtained bam files were added as a separate read-group to the bam files generated by the ARTIC pipeline using SAMtools [17].
    SAMtools
    suggested: (SAMTOOLS, RRID:SCR_002105)
    Additionally, variants were called for the Illumina mapping using BCFtools v1.9-168 of the SAMtools package [17] and merged with the variant VCF files from the ARTIC pipeline, if necessary.
    BCFtools
    suggested: (SAMtools/BCFtools, RRID:SCR_005227)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    About SciScore

    SciScore is an automated tool that is designed to assist expert reviewers by finding and presenting formulaic information scattered throughout a paper in a standard, easy to digest format. SciScore checks for the presence and correctness of RRIDs (research resource identifiers), and for rigor criteria such as sex and investigator blinding. For details on the theoretical underpinning of rigor criteria and the tools shown here, including references cited, please follow this link.