Nanosponge-Encapsulated Polyoxometalates: Unveiling the Multi-Faceted Potential Against Cancers and Metastases Through Comprehensive Preparation, Characterization, and Computational Exploration

Background/Objectives: This study examined the fabrication and characterization of nanosponges (NS) laden with polyoxometalates (TiW11Co) with the intention of targeting malignancy. Methods: By employing the emulsion solvent diffusion technique, TiW11Co-NS were generated by combining polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and ethyl cellulose (EC) in different concentrations. Results: A significant numerical results encompassed a hydrodynamic particle diameter of 109.5 nm, loading efficiencies reaching 85.9%, and zeta potentials varying from −24.91 to −27.08 (mV). Scanning and transmission electron microscopy were employed to validate the TiW11Co-NS porous structure and surface morphology. The results of the stability investigation indicated that TiW11Co-NS exhibited prolonged sturdiness. Investigation examining the inhibition of enzymes revealed that TiW11Co-NS exhibited enhanced effectiveness against TNAP. Pharmacological evaluations of TiW11Co-NS demonstrated improved cytotoxicity and apoptotic effects in comparison to pure TiW11Co, thereby indicating their potential utility in targeted cancer therapy. In vivo investigations involving mice revealed that TiW11Co-NS caused a more substantial reduction in tumor weight and increased survival rates in comparison to pure TiW11Co. The resemblance of TiW11Co for crucial proteins associated with cancer proliferation was featured through molecular docking, thereby supporting its therapeutic potential. Conclusions: The TiW11Co-laden nanosponges demonstrated superior stability, enzyme inhibition, cytotoxicity, and in vivo anticancer efficacy, underscoring their potential for targeted cancer therapy.