Properties of ZnO Prepared by Polymeric Citrate Amorphous Precursor Method: Influence of Cobalt Concentration

This study aims to investigate the vibrational, structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of Zn1−xCoxO with 0.00 ≤ x ≤ 0.05 prepared by the sol–gel method via an amorphous citrate precursor. FTIR spectroscopy was used to follow the thermal decomposition process of the ZnO precursor, identifying acetate zinc as the intermediate main component. XRD and FTIR-ATR techniques showed only the single wurtzite crystalline phase with the presence of oxygen deficiency and/or vacancies, and secondary phases were not detected. SEM micrographs showed agglomerated particles of irregular shape and size with a high distribution and evidenced particles of nanometric size with a morphology change for x = 0.05. We detected high–spin Co2+ ions located in the tetrahedral core and pseudo–octahedral surface sites, substituting Zn2+ ions. The energy band gap of the ZnO semiconductor decreased gradually when the Co doping concentration was increased. M vs. H for undoped ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a diamagnetic signal overlapped with a weak ferromagnetic signal at room temperature. Interestingly, temperature-dependent magnetization showed superparamagnetic behavior with a blocked state in the low temperature range. The Co–doped ZnO samples evidenced a weak ferromagnetic signal and a paramagnetic component, which increased with x. The saturation magnetization increased until x = 0.03 and then decreased for x = 0.05, while the coercive field gradually decreased.