Advancements in Machine Learning for Precision Diagnostics and Surgical Interventions in Interconnected Musculoskeletal and Visual Systems

Artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping precision medicine by revealing diagnostic links between ocular biomarkers and systemic musculoskeletal disorders. This review synthesizes clinical evidence on the associations between optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived parameters, such as retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thinning and choroidal thickness, and conditions including osteoporosis, cervical spine instability, and inflammatory arthritis. The findings, based on an analysis of studies that integrate AI with ocular and musculoskeletal imaging, highlight consistent correlations between ocular microstructural changes and systemic degenerative pathologies. These results suggest that the eye may serve as a non-invasive window into biomechanical dysfunction. This review also discusses the emerging role of AI-assisted surgical systems informed by ocular metrics. Overall, AI-driven ocular analysis offers a promising avenue for early detection and management of musculoskeletal disease, supporting its clinical relevance and interdisciplinary potential.