Ageing of Red Wine (cv. Negroamaro) in Mediterranean Areas: Impact of Different Barrels and Apulian Traditional Amphorae on Phenolic Indices, Volatile Composition and Sensory Analysis

This study investigated the impact of different ageing containers on the volatile composition and quality of Negroamaro wine, a key variety from Apulia, Italy. Seven vessel types were evaluated: traditional Apulian amphorae (ozza), five types of oak barrels (American oak, French oak, European oak, a French + European oak and a multi-wood mix) and glass bottles as the control. The impact of the vessels was evaluated after 6 months of ageing through the characterization of phenolic, volatile and sensory profiles. Amphorae allowed a specific evolution of the wine’s primary aromas, such as fruity and floral notes, while enhancing volatile compounds like furaneol, which contributed to caramel and red fruit nuances, and also 3-methyl-2,4-nonanedione, a key compound related to anise, plum and premature ageing, depending on its concentration. This container also demonstrated effectiveness in stabilizing anthocyanin–tannin complexes, supporting color stabilization. Oak barrels allowed different outcomes to be obtained in terms of color stabilization, volatile profile, aroma and astringency. French oak exhibited the highest phenolic and tannin levels, enhancing anthocyanin stabilization and color intensity. European oak followed closely, while American oak excelled in color stabilization, with tannins less reactive to polymers. Mixed wood barrels showed lower phenolic extraction and the best astringency evolution.