Tumor-Associated Macrophages: Polarization, Immunoregulation, and Immunotherapy

Tumor-associated macrophages’ (TAMs) origin, polarization, and dynamic interaction in the tumor microenvironment (TME) influence cancer development. They are essential for homeostasis, monitoring, and immune protection. Cells from bone marrow or embryonic progenitors dynamically polarize into pro- or anti-tumor M2 or M1 phenotypes based on cytokines and metabolic signals. Recent advances in TAM heterogeneity, polarization, characterization, immunological responses, and therapy are described here. The manuscript details TAM functions and their role in resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Similarly, TAM-targeted approaches, such as CSF-1R inhibition or PI3Kγ-driven reprogramming, are discussed to address anti-tumor immunity suppression. Furthermore, innovative biomarkers and combination therapy may enhance TAM-centric cancer therapies. It also stresses the relevance of this distinct immune cell in human health and disease, which could impact future research and therapies.