Dual-Function Photocatalysis in the Visible Spectrum: Ag-G-TiO2 for Simultaneous Dye Wastewater Degradation and Hydrogen Production

Photocatalytic processes offer promising solutions for environmental remediation and clean energy production, yet their efficiency under the visible light spectrum remains a significant challenge. Here, we report a novel silver–graphene (Ag-G) modified TiO2 (Ag-G-TiO2) nanocomposite photocatalyst that demonstrates remarkably enhanced photocatalytic activity for both dye wastewater degradation and hydrogen production under visible and UV light irradiation. Through comprehensive characterization and performance analysis, we reveal that the Ag-G modification narrows the TiO2 bandgap from 3.12 eV to 1.79 eV, enabling efficient visible light absorption. The nanocomposite achieves a peak hydrogen production rate of 191 μmolesg−1h−1 in deionized (DI) water dye solution under visible light, significantly outperforming unmodified TiO2. Intriguingly, we observe an inverse relationship between dye degradation efficiency and hydrogen production rates in dye solutions with tap water versus DI water, highlighting the critical role of water composition in photocatalytic processes. This work not only advances the understanding of fundamental photocatalytic mechanisms but also presents a promising photocatalyst for solar-driven environmental remediation and clean energy production. The Ag-G-TiO2 nanocomposite’s enhanced performance across both visible and UV spectra, coupled with its dual functionality in dye degradation and hydrogen evolution, represents a significant step towards addressing critical challenges in water treatment and sustainable energy generation. Our findings highlight the complex interplay between light absorption and reaction conditions, offering new insights for optimizing photocatalytic systems. This research paves the way for developing more efficient and versatile photocatalysts, potentially contributing to the global transition towards sustainable technologies and circular economy in waste management and energy production.