Sodium Butyrate in Pig Nutrition: Applications and Benefits

Efficient, cost-effective and sustainable pork production remains a primary objective in modern pig farming. However, the extensive use of antibiotics in animal nutrition has raised significant concerns regarding food safety and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. These challenges have prompted the search for safe and effective alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters. Sodium butyrate (SB), the sodium salt of butyric acid, has gained considerable attention as a functional feed additive in swine production. Its supplementation has been shown to improve intestinal morphology, regulate gut microbiota composition and enhance immune competence, resulting in better nutrient utilization and growth performance. Moreover, SB supplementation may support environmental sustainability in livestock production by mitigating the emission of harmful gases in swine housing facilities. Although current evidence is limited, in vitro studies have reported promising reductions in NH3, H2S and total gas production by 17.96%, 12.26% and 30.30%, respectively. Comparable effects have also been observed in laying hens, where NH3 emissions were reduced by 26.22%. This review summarizes current knowledge on the application of SB in pig nutrition, focusing on its mechanisms of action, effects on health and productivity, and potential environmental benefits. The findings indicate that SB represents a promising and safe alternative to antibiotics, supporting both animal welfare and sustainable pork production within modern livestock systems.