Previous COVID-19 Infection and Antibody Levels After Vaccination
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Abstract
Background: The emergence of new COVID-19 variants of concern coupled with a global inequity in vaccine access and distribution has prompted many public health authorities to circumvent the vaccine shortages by altering vaccination protocols and prioritizing persons at high risk. Individuals with previous COVID-19 infection may not have been prioritized due to existing humoral immunity.
Objective: We aimed to study the association between previous COVID-19 infection and antibody levels after COVID-19 vaccination.
Methods: A serological analysis to measure SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies was performed on individuals who received one or two doses of either BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 vaccines in Kuwait. A Student t -test was performed and followed by generalized linear regression models adjusted for individual characteristics and comorbidities were fitted to compare the average levels of IgG and neutralizing antibodies between vaccinated individuals with and without previous COVID-19 infection.
Results: A total of 1,025 individuals were recruited. The mean levels of IgG, IgA, and neutralizing antibodies were higher in vaccinated subjects with previous COVID-19 infections than in those without previous infection. Regression analysis showed a steeper slope of decline for IgG and neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated individuals without previous COVID-19 infection compared to those with previous COVID-19 infection.
Conclusion: Previous COVID-19 infection appeared to elicit robust and sustained levels of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in vaccinated individuals. Given the inconsistent supply of COVID-19 vaccines in many countries due to inequities in global distribution, our results suggest that even greater efforts should be made to vaccinate more people, especially individuals without previous COVID-19 infection.
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SciScore for 10.1101/2021.09.04.21263121: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IACUC: Participant’s recruitment: The Ethical Review Committee of Dasman Diabetes Institute and Kuwait Ministry of Health ethical committee reviewed and approved the study as per the updated guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and of the US Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (approval references; RA HM-2021-008 for ERC and 3799).
Consent: Samples were collected at Dasman Diabetes Institute after signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Quantification of plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific … SciScore for 10.1101/2021.09.04.21263121: (What is this?)
Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.
Table 1: Rigor
Ethics IACUC: Participant’s recruitment: The Ethical Review Committee of Dasman Diabetes Institute and Kuwait Ministry of Health ethical committee reviewed and approved the study as per the updated guidelines of the Declaration of Helsinki and of the US Federal Policy for the Protection of Human Subjects (approval references; RA HM-2021-008 for ERC and 3799).
Consent: Samples were collected at Dasman Diabetes Institute after signed informed consent was obtained from all participants.Sex as a biological variable not detected. Randomization not detected. Blinding not detected. Power Analysis not detected. Table 2: Resources
Antibodies Sentences Resources Quantification of plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG, IgM and IgA: Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit (SERION ELISA agile SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgA SERION Diagnostics, Würzburg, Germany) were used to determine plasma levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG and IgA antibodies following the manufacturers protocol. IgAsuggested: NoneSoftware and Algorithms Sentences Resources RedCap survey was used to collect data from each participant including age, gender, chronic health conditions, height, weight, and self-reported history of COVID-19 infection. RedCapsuggested: (REDCap, RRID:SCR_003445)Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).
Results from LimitationRecognizer: We detected the following sentences addressing limitations in the study:This study has a number of limitations. First, we only descriptively compared the different sub-stratification by vaccine type, number of doses and previous infection. The data was not collected to investigate such question and hence it lacked the statistical power. Secondly, the regression analyses were adjusted for a number of a priori confounders, however, we cannot rule out potential residual confounding by other variables such as severity of chronic illness or duration since previous infection. Finally, the cross-sectional data are prone to confounding by time-invariant such as individual characteristics. Longitudinal analyses of both humoral and cellular responses with longer follow-ups are warranted to carefully assess the duration of immunity after vaccination.
Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.
Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.
Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.
Results from rtransparent:- Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
- No protocol registration statement was detected.
Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.
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