Vaccine Type-, Age- and Past Infection-Dependence of the Humoral Response to SARS-CoV-2 Spike S Protein

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Abstract

The emergence of COVID-19 has led to a worldwide challenge for the rapid development of vaccines. Several types of safe and effective vaccines have been available in a time frame never seen before. Now that several hundred million people have been vaccinated there is an opportunity to compare vaccines in terms of protection and immune response. Here, we have applied a highly sensitive multiplexed flow cytometry method to measure simultaneously IgM, IgG1 and IgA anti-spike protein antibodies generated in response to three vaccines: ChAdOx1 (Oxford-AstraZeneca), mRNA-1273 (Moderna), and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech). We have found that mRNA vaccines (mRNA-1273 and BNT162b2) induce a stronger humoral response, both after the first and the second dose, than the adenovirus-based ChAdOx1 vaccine. We also found that, in the elderly, antibody titers negatively correlate with the age of the donor but, also, that antibody titers remain stable for at least 6 months after complete vaccination. Finally, we found that one dose of BNT162b2 is sufficient to induce the highest antibody titers in seropositive pre-vaccination donors. We hope these data will help to guide future decisions on vaccination strategies.

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  1. SciScore for 10.1101/2021.10.14.21264762: (What is this?)

    Please note, not all rigor criteria are appropriate for all manuscripts.

    Table 1: Rigor

    EthicsConsent: All participants provided written consent to participate in the study which was performed according to the EU guidelines and following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.
    Field Sample Permit: Serum sample collection was included in the study “ACE2 as a biomarker with utility for identification of high risk population for SARSCoV-2 infection and prognosis of evolution in COVID-19” approved by Autonomous University of Madrid Research Ethics Committee, no.2352.
    IRB: Serum sample collection was included in the study “ACE2 as a biomarker with utility for identification of high risk population for SARSCoV-2 infection and prognosis of evolution in COVID-19” approved by Autonomous University of Madrid Research Ethics Committee, no.2352.
    Sex as a biological variablenot detected.
    Randomizationnot detected.
    BlindingSerum samples were received coded from the providers and the experimentalists were blinded to their nature until all data analysis was finalized.
    Power Analysisnot detected.
    Cell Line AuthenticationContamination: Cells were routinely tested for the absence of mycoplasma.

    Table 2: Resources

    Antibodies
    SentencesResources
    Then cells were stained with 50 µl of the following cocktail of antibodies and viability reagent prepared in working buffer: 1:100 of mouse anti-human IgG1-PE (Ref.: 9054-09, Southern Biotech), 1:100 of mouse anti-human IgM-Pacific Blue (Ref.: PB-320-C100, Exbio), 1:50 of goat anti-human IgA-Alexa Fluor 647 (2052-31, Southern Biotech) and 1:50 of 7-AAD Viability Staining Solution (EXBOO26, Exbio).
    anti-human IgG1-PE
    suggested: None
    anti-human IgM-Pacific Blue ( Ref .
    suggested: None
    anti-human IgA-Alexa Fluor 647 ( 2052-31 , Southern Biotech )
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Cell Lines
    SentencesResources
    Cells: The human T-cell line Jurkat clone E6-1 was acquired from ATCC (TIB-152).
    Jurkat
    suggested: None
    Experimental Models: Organisms/Strains
    SentencesResources
    SARS-CoV-2 S Jurkat Flow-Cytometry Immunoassay (JFCI) procedure: Jurkat-S-GFP cells were adjusted to 1,2×105 cells per well and plated in 96 well plates.
    Jurkat-S-GFP
    suggested: None
    Recombinant DNA
    SentencesResources
    Jurkat-S-GFP were stablished by transduction with the lentiviral vector based on the epHIV-7 plasmid where the human EGFR reporter was substituted by GFP and the full-length Spike S protein of Wuhan-Hu-1 was cloned (Horndler et al., 2021b).
    epHIV-7
    suggested: None
    Software and Algorithms
    SentencesResources
    Data were processed with FlowJo software (BD).
    FlowJo
    suggested: (FlowJo, RRID:SCR_008520)
    Statistics: All data was analyzed using the GraphPad Prism 7 software.
    GraphPad Prism
    suggested: (GraphPad Prism, RRID:SCR_002798)

    Results from OddPub: We did not detect open data. We also did not detect open code. Researchers are encouraged to share open data when possible (see Nature blog).


    Results from LimitationRecognizer: An explicit section about the limitations of the techniques employed in this study was not found. We encourage authors to address study limitations.

    Results from TrialIdentifier: No clinical trial numbers were referenced.


    Results from Barzooka: We did not find any issues relating to the usage of bar graphs.


    Results from JetFighter: We did not find any issues relating to colormaps.


    Results from rtransparent:
    • Thank you for including a conflict of interest statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • Thank you for including a funding statement. Authors are encouraged to include this statement when submitting to a journal.
    • No protocol registration statement was detected.

    Results from scite Reference Check: We found no unreliable references.


    About SciScore

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