What evidence exists on the effectiveness of nature-inclusive designs for marine biodiversity in offshore wind farms? A Systematic map protocol
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The global expansion of offshore wind energy is essential for meeting climate targets, yet its ecological impacts on marine biodiversity remain a major concern. In line with the Kunming–Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, which calls upon all economic sectors to reduce negative impacts and enhance positive contributions, Nature-inclusive Designs (NiDs) have been proposed to reduce the negative pressures of offshore wind farms (OWFs) on marine species and habitats and, where possible, enhance biodiversity outcomes. This systematic map aims to collate and characterise the existing evidence on the effectiveness of NiDs in OWF contexts. The review will identify which species groups, geographical areas, and biodiversity metrics are most represented, and highlight gaps where further research is needed. This synthesis will support evidence-based decision-making for nature-optimised offshore wind development.