Antlions (Myrmeleontidae) in the Doñana National Park

This study represents the first comprehensive survey of antlions (Myrmeleontidae) in Doñana National Park, conducted across 58 sampling locations during two field seasons (April–June 2023 and March–July 2024). A total of 12 species from 9 genera were identified, with 406 larval-stage specimens collected, of which 295 successfully emerged as adults (201 females and 94 males, including 28 imagos captured directly in the field). The altitudes of collection sites ranged from 2 to 38 meters above sea level, reflecting the diverse landscapes of the park. These findings enhance knowledge of the region’s biodiversity. Notably, this research documents the first occurrences of Distoleon tetragrammicus and Neuroleon ocreatus in Huelva Province, expanding their known distribution ranges. Our results highlight shrublands and grasslands as key habitats for antlion colonization, offering critical resources such as shelter and abundant prey. These biotopes provide optimal conditions for larval development due to fine soil textures and high prey availability. While most species occupied distinct ecological niches, Myrmeleon hyalinus, M. almohadarum, and M. gerlindae were observed coexisting in different biotopes, with spatial segregation driven by ecological requirements and competition. This study establishes a foundational species inventory for Doñana National Park and underscores the importance of continued monitoring to assess ecological dynamics and species interactions. Future research should focus on resource competition, habitat preferences, and the impacts of environmental changes to further understand Myrmeleontidae adaptation and biodiversity within this protected area.