The ecosystem-climate-human nexus in the Arctic

The Arctic has warmed at nearly four times the global average since 1979, which has intensified the disruption of its biotic and local human communities under ongoing environmental change. Here, we explore the ecosystem-climate-human nexus in the Arctic region. We summarize current knowledge of regional climate change and its impact on ecosystems and their functions, highlight gaps and uncertainties, and explore future outlooks to provide an overview of key areas for ongoing and future research. By detailing how the combination of biodiversity, environmental, and functional changes affect humans, we highlight the necessity of expanding climate change research to better incorporate environmental and social change, and predict ecological response, thereby increasing the resilience of Arctic communities.