[Mini Review] Cytobiological Alterations Induced by Celecoxib as an Anticancer Agent for Breast and Metastatic Breast Cancer

Breast cancer remains a formidable public health challenge worldwide, characterized by its initiation within the breast’s diverse tissues, particularly the ducts and lobules. This malignancy is predominantly categorized into three subtypes based on receptor status and genetic markers: hormone receptor-positive, HER2-positive, and triple-negative. Each subtype exhibits distinct biological behaviors and responses to treatment, which significantly influence the prognosis and management strategies. The development and metastatic spread of breast cancer are complex processes mediated by interactions between tumor cells and the host microenvironment, involving various cellular and molecular mechanisms. This review highlights the potential therapeutic role of celecoxib, a selective COX-2 inhibitor, in addressing the multifaceted aspects of breast cancer progression, particularly its capability to modulate angiogenesis, immune response, and matrix metalloproteinase activity, which are pivotal in metastasis. By synthesizing recent findings and analyzing the impact of celecoxib on these pathways, this paper seeks to delineate the integrated approaches necessary for managing metastatic breast cancer effectively.