The Energetic Systems of Eukaryotic Cells

BACKGROUND: We have recently published a new hypothesis proposing an alternative mechanism for the synthesis of ATP by involving specific cellular structures: Structure for Energy Transformation (SET). HYPOTHESIS: The SET, consisting of a multiplex electron transfer chain, potentially facilitates a chemical process involving Fe-S clusters, D-glucose, uric acid (UA), NO, and H2PO4- molecules. This leads to energy production and ATP, CO2, and H+ synthesis. The SETs of aerobic glycolysis (SET-AGs) are located in the peroxisomes, whereas the SETs of oxidative phosphorylation (SET-OPs) are located in the mitochondria of the eukaryotes. While this hypothesis suggests a potential alternative pathway for ATP synthesis, further experimental validation is required to confirm its mechanisms and physiological relevance. OBJECTIVE: To outline and explore the new hypothesis that ATP synthesis occurs through a complex process within the SET, involving multiple chemical constituents in a distinct stoichiometry, producing ATP, PO33-, (Pi), CO2, H+, and energy. CONCLUSION: Using adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi), ATP synthase catalyses the formation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The hypothesis explains the origin of ADP, Pi, and the energy required for ATP production. It also suggests a mechanism of action for cancer treatment with intravenous high-dose vitamin C therapy.