The Energetic System of Eukaryotic Cells

BACKGROUND: Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) is pivotal in cellular energetics. It is traditionally understood to be synthesised from Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi) by ATP synthase. Recently, we introduced a novel hypothesis suggesting an alternative synthesis mechanism involving specific cellular structures: Structure for Energy Transformation (SET). HYPOTHESIS: The SET, consisting of a multiplex electron transfer chain, potentially facilitates a chemical process involving D-glucose, uric acid (UA), NO, and H2PO4 molecules. This leads to energy production and the synthesis of ATP, CO2, and H+, among other products. The SETs of aerobic glycolysis (SET-AGs) are located in the peroxisomes, while the SETs of oxidative phosphorylation (SET-OPs) are in the mitochondria of the eukaryotes. OBJECTIVE: To outline and explore the new hypothesis that ATP synthesis occurs through a complex process within the SET, implicating multiple chemical constituents in a distinct stoichiometry, producing ATP, PO33-, (Pi), CO2 and energy. CONCLUSION: The hypothesis postulates a new way of ATP synthesis. The ATP synthase forms ATP from Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate (Pi). The hypothesis answers the origin of ADP, Pi and energy needed for ATP production. Furthermore, the hypothesis points out the mechanism of action regarding cancer treatment with intravenous high-dose vitamin C therapy.