The Limitations and Challenges of Researching Mass Casualty Incidents and Disasters in Europe

Europe’s multi-hazard environment underscores the urgency of establishing a standard system for data collection and sharing during mass casualty incidents and disasters. Variations in MCI definitions and data sets hinder cross-border comparability and timely exchange of critical information. Tailored data methods, well-organized command structures, and interoperable technologies are crucial to reduce delays in patient care and resource allocation. Recent initiatives demonstrate that standardized triage tags, AI-driven decision-making support, and integrated real-time platforms improve situational awareness and coordination across emergency services. Nevertheless, significant disparities persist due to fragmented practices and budget constraints, especially at subnational levels. Policy measures must address these challenges by setting minimum data standards, harmonizing national and regional frameworks, and promoting the adoption of communication tools such as drones and geographic information systems. Ethical considerations remain paramount, necessitating responsible data handling that respects privacy regulations and ensures equitable treatment of patients. Public–private partnerships have proven instrumental in deploying innovative technologies, while shared platforms bolster interoperability among diverse stakeholders. Sustaining these efforts demands adequate funding, continued research, and training programs in emergency data management for all responders. When scaled and standardized across the continent, evidence-based approaches to MCI data collection and sharing can reshape disaster response into a more efficient, unified, and equitable system. This transformation will strengthen Europe’s resilience against a continually evolving array of natural and man-made hazards, ultimately improving outcomes for communities at risk.