Human Metapneumovirus: What We Know So Far – A Mini Review

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Abstract

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a seasonal respiratory pathogen closely related to avian metapneumoviruses, particularly subgroup C, indicating a zoonotic origin. Retrospective data suggest it has circulated for at least half a century. HMPV poses substantial risk to young infants and vulnerable populations. During the “tripledemic,” wastewater surveillance revealed overlapping peaks of influenza A, respiratory syncytial virus, and SARS-CoV-2, with localized HMPV circulation. Disease severity correlates with advanced age and chronic conditions. Although no licensed vaccine or antiviral exists, progress in neutralizing monoclonal antibodies targeting the viral fusion (F) protein highlights potential therapeutic avenues. Research from Taiwan and Indonesia shows near-year-round circulation, especially among children, with marked genetic diversity. Until specialized treatments emerge, supportive care and strengthened surveillance remain vital for managing HMPV.

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