Evaluation of the Antiangiogenic Activity of Rambutan Pericarp (Nephelium lappaceum Linné [Family Sapindaceae]) using Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay and Image Analysis
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OBJECTIVES: Angiogenesis is one of the valid therapeutic approaches to cancer, a disease that is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. As such, this study aims to evaluate the antiangiogenic activity of rambutan using Chorioallantoic Membrane (CAM) Assay.METHODS: Dried rambutan pericarp of the red Tagalog variety was macerated in methanol. The resulting crude extract was dried to vacuum to obtain yield from dry weight before resuspending in methanol. The resuspended solution was further separated by solvent-solvent extraction in the following order: water, butanol and chloroform. Each fraction, together with the crude methanol extract, was subjected to phytochemical screening. The fractions were applied using discs on 3-day old ex ovo chorioallantoic membranes (CAM) for 24 hours. Pictures of CAM were taken before and after application of test samples. Images were analyzed using ImageJ software to determine the difference in fractal dimension and average vessel diameter. The results were compared to a negative control.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Yield of crude methanol extract was 50.0g from a dried pericarp weight of 701.50g. The crude methanol extract had the highest inhibition of both vessel diameter (86.43%) and fractal dimension (18.86%) which were much higher than that of the negative control. The aqueous fraction had the inhibition of both average vessel diameter (80.96%) and fractal dimension (11.55%) among the fractions. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, saponins, and tannins in all extracts. Flavonoids were present in the chloroform fraction. Terpenoids and quinones were present in the butanol fraction.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The extract of rambutan exhibited antiangiogenic activity. It is recommended that the antiangiogenic activity of rambutan be confirmed using different assays and using more trials and different concentrations.
