Improving the status of DNT and NT communities in Maharashtra: A case study of TANDA

The social and economic fallout of the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 remains deeply ingrained for Denotified and Nomadic Tribes (DNT/NT) in Maharashtra, where the “criminal” label continues to shape daily realities long after legal repeal. This paper uses a case study approach to examine how historical stigma intersects with present-day exclusion for communities such as the Pardhis and Ramoshis. Drawing on key policy documents, including the Renke Commission (2008), and in-depth interviews with TANDA’s (Towards Advocacy, Networking and Developmental Action) organisational staff and field workers, the study explores the practical barriers faced by DNT/NT groups, ranging from persistent illiteracy and lack of identity documentation to discriminatory policing and exclusion from basic services.Findings highlight the complexity of marginalisation: policies intended for rehabilitation often fall short at the ground level, while community-led efforts struggle against bureaucratic hurdles and societal prejudice. Through the lens of TANDA’s grassroots interventions; such as education support, vocational training, and health initiatives, the paper details both the incremental gains and the stubborn challenges that define the landscape of social inclusion. The research also reflects on TANDA’s adaptive strategies in response to crises like the COVID-19 pandemic and shifting funding environments.Despite periodic government attention and the work of commissions, the study finds that data gaps, inconsistent recognition, and the lack of sustained state engagement perpetuate structural inequalities. The conclusion calls for targeted policy reform, direct resource allocation, and formal recognition of grassroots knowledge and leadership. Ultimately, the study argues that while organisations like TANDA play a vital bridging role, meaningful change for DNT/NT communities demands a much broader, long-term commitment to redress historical and ongoing injustices.