Advances and Challenges in GIS-Based Assessment of Urban Green Infrastructure: A Systematic Review (2020–2024)

Urban green infrastructure (UGI) is critical for improving ecological resilience, public health, and social equity in the face of increasing urbanization. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are critical tools for evaluating the spatial, environmental, and social dimensions of Urban Green Infrastructure. This systematic review brings together empirical GIS-based evaluations of UGI published between 2020 and 2024, highlighting methodological innovations, data sources, analytical frameworks, and persisting issues. We identify trends using remote sensing, machine learning, and multi-criteria decision analysis to improve green space accessibility, ecosystem service provision, and urban resilience. Despite increased interdisciplinarity and technological innovation, shortcomings remain in standardized evaluation procedures, geographic representation, and the incorporation of social justice factors. Our findings underscore the importance of standardized frameworks and better participatory GIS approaches for promoting sustainable and equitable urban development. This paper provides a fundamental synthesis for researchers, planners, and politicians who want to improve GIS-based urban greening programs.