Exploring Individual Differences in the Use and Endorsement of Dark Comic Styles: A Systematic Review of Comic Style Markers (CSM) Studies

Dark humour has been examined as part of a broader taxonomy of humour styles in psychological research. The Comic Style Markers (CSM) is currently the only standardised measure that captures four distinct dark comic styles (i.e., sarcasm, cynicism, irony, and satire) and has been used to explore how they relate to personality traits and other individual differences. This systematic review synthesises findings from 18 empirical studies identified through Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, and PubMed.Some dark comic styles were linked to socially aversive traits and lower agreeableness, particularly sarcasm and cynicism, which also showed the most consistent associations with poorer well-being outcomes such as stress, anxiety, and reduced life satisfaction. Irony showed more mixed associations, at times linked to negative affect but also to insight, meaning, and workplace functioning.Satire appeared more contextually flexible – with some positive associations particularly when controlling for sarcasm and cynicism. Irony and satire showed links to strengths and wisdom that were similar to patterns more commonly seen in those who prefer lighter comic styles.Dark comic styles were more prevalent among men, younger individuals, and those with more critical or non-traditional worldviews. These styles were largely unrelated to intelligence or resilience but were associated with greater acceptance of taboo humour. While certain styles reflected antagonistic traits or poorer well-being, others were linked to positive qualities, suggesting that dark humour is a psychologically meaningful but diverse construct. Findings are discussed in relation to broader humour literature and applied relevance.