How social, emotional, and behavioral skills differ across the life span

We investigated age-related differences in social, emotional, and behavioral (SEB) skills and gender variations using a large cross-sectional sample (N=31,315, ages 10-70). Using generalized additive models (GAMs), we identified four key findings. First, modest, temporary negative age gradients emerged during early adolescence, consistent with the “disruption principle”. Second, despite this disruption, mean levels across all five domains—Self-Management, Social Engagement, Cooperation, Emotional Resilience, and Innovation—were positively associated with age, showing steep age gradients consistent with maturation during middle adolescence and early adulthood. Third, facet-level analyses uncovered significant heterogeneity in developmental patterns otherwise obscured at the domain level. Fourth, gender differences emerged: men and women varied in age-related patterns for Cooperation and Innovation, while non-binary participants—despite lower baseline levels—exhibited significantly steeper positive age gradients than male and female counterparts across several domains. Collectively, these results highlight both parallels and distinctions between SEB skill development and established personality trait principles. This comprehensive map informs future longitudinal research and the design of developmentally-appropriate interventions across the lifespan.