Risk and Protective Factors for the Development of Trauma-Associated Psychopathology in Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Individuals Across the Life Course

Transgender and gender non-conforming (TGNC) individuals face significant psychosocial stressors, notably discrimination and violence, which substantially increase their susceptibility to mental health disorders such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Studies link direct discrimination, victimization, and internalized stigma to heightened psychopathology, highlighting how these stressors challenge psychological needs and mimic traumatic stress effects. Resilience factors such as strong community connections and supportive family relationships are essential in mitigating these negative impacts. Additionally, gender affirmation practices are crucial for enhancing mental health outcomes. This study aims to synthesize existing literature and identify risk and protective factors linked to trauma-related psychopathology in TGNC populations. Culturally competent interventions that validate TGNC identities are imperative. Integrating Minority Stress Theory (MST) and intersectionality enriches the understanding of how societal stigma interacts with health outcomes across diverse identities. However, there is a critical gap in longitudinal research exploring the causative factors behind mental health disparities. Such research is essential for developing focused interventions that incorporate resilience-enhancing and gender-affirming strategies. Future strategies should create inclusive environments that promote acceptance and reduce stigma. Beyond clinical interventions, systematic measures such as inclusive policy-making, educational reforms, and enhanced access to gender-affirming healthcare are necessary to comprehensively support the mental health of TGNC individuals. These measures aim to dismantle systemic barriers and foster a societal shift towards greater acceptance and understanding, providing the essential support needed for the well-being of TGNC communities.