Tutorial review of the unconscious perception research: critical arguments and possible solutions

We often assume that our interactions with the world are primarily driven by conscious experiences. However, numerous experimental and clinical reports indicate that stimuli not consciously perceived can nevertheless influence behavior. Although many researchers consider unconscious perception plausible, they acknowledge that it has not been convincingly demonstrated. This discrepancy stems from the fact that research on unconscious perception is subject to a range of critical arguments concerning the methodologies and assumptions underlying existing paradigms. To date, no review has systematically compiled and analyzed all of these critical arguments. The absence of such a comprehensive review may limit appreciation of the full scale of methodological and conceptual challenges in the field, potentially affecting the debate on whether unconscious perception constitutes a genuine phenomenon.The aim of this tutorial review is twofold. First, we provide a detailed analysis of the critical arguments against unconscious perception, thereby clarifying the scope of the challenges involved. Second, we offer guidance for researchers, particularly those new to the field, by presenting potential solutions to methodological issues. We discuss the consequences of these solutions—which often introduce additional challenges—enhancing methodological awareness and enabling researchers to make informed decisions in study design. By highlighting the trade-offs inherent in different approaches, this tutorial review supports careful, reflective, and methodologically rigorous investigation of unconscious perception.