Trauma, Diagnosis, and Borderline Personality Disorder: The Need for Conceptual Clarity

This paper explores the relationship between borderline personality disorder (BPD) and trauma, with particular attention to the emergence of complex posttraumatic stress disorder (cPTSD) as a diagnostic construct. While trauma, especially in childhood, is commonly associated with BPD, it is neither a sufficient nor necessary cause, supporting a multi-causal model involving genetic vulnerability, environmental adversity, and temperament. The paper examines the diagnostic validity and clinical utility of cPTSD as defined in the ICD-11, critically evaluating whether it represents a distinct disorder, a subtype of BPD, or an overlapping syndrome. Key issues in psychiatric diagnosis are addressed, including stigma, labeling, misdiagnosis, and ethical challenges in clinical social work. Through an integrative review of empirical findings and conceptual models, the paper argues that while trauma may contribute to the development of BPD in some individuals, it is not determinative, and accurate and nuanced diagnosis is essential to guide ethical and effective treatment in social work practice.