Empathic Behavioral Substrates Altered by MDMA and Their Therapeutic Consequences

Besides its widespread recreational use, MDMA attracted the attention of many researchers and clinicians for its therapeutic potential for various mental disorders. Although recent clinical studies yielded promising results, MDMA has not been approved for medical use, partially due to the lack of clear insight into its neurobiological effects. In fact, although some suggest that MDMA’s therapeutic potential largely depends on the drug’s social effects, currently available scientific data depicts a somewhat ambiguous picture. Here we review currently available data on MDMA’s effects on social behavior in humans and laboratory animals, with particular focus on empathic aspects. We also try to summarize our current understanding of the pharmacological and neurobiological mechanisms, as well as the neurocircuitry affected by MDMA in relation to social behavior.