From the 1940s to 2020s: A Review of the Current State of Forced-Choice Methodology

Forced-choice measures are an alternative to rating scale surveys designed to reduce response bias, particularly socially desirable responses. Although forced-choice has been used in psychological testing since at least the 1940s, recent methodological advancements have facilitated an uptick of use in applied areas of psychology. This paper aims to provide a historical chronicling of forced-choice instruments leading into a review of the modern-day methods used for their construction. We review literature relating to the current state of item and block development, the various models used in examining internal structure, measurement bias testing, response processes, and other areas. We then discuss the debates surrounding the use of forced-choice measures and close with future directions for research. To encourage engagement with the historical literature, we provide an annotated bibliography on the more than eight decades of research that we reviewed.