Period and Prejudice: Cultural Differences in Menstrual Health, Literacy and Stigma between South Asian and White British Women

Background: Attitudes towards menstruation are shaped by cultural and social norms and can result in misperceptions, impacting women’s health. Yet, research on cultural differences in menstrual experiences remains limited. Objectives: This study aimed to examine whether South Asian and White British women living in the UK differ in menstrual experiences, with a focus on menstrual health, menstrual literacy, stigma-related factors, and ethnic microaggressions in the healthcare context. Design: White British (n = 153) and South Asian (n = 153) menstruating women living in the UK participated in a preregistered cross-sectional online survey. Methods: Menstrual health was assessed via menstrual distress, symptom management, and hygiene behaviors. Menstrual stigma was measured through affective internalized stigma, internalized stigma of seeking help, secrecy, and avoidance behaviors. Results: In addition to differences in menstrual health (menstrual pain, symptom management, hygiene behaviors), South Asian women reported lower menstrual literacy than White British women. South Asians also reported greater secrecy as well as stronger avoidance behaviors related to discussing menstruation and engaging in daily activities while menstruating, but also more positive emotions towards menstruation. Additionally, they experienced more ethnic microaggressions in healthcare. Secrecy and microaggressions mediated the effect of ethnic group on self-stigma of seeking help. Conclusion: Our findings suggest cultural differences in menstrual health, literacy and stigma, emphasizing the need for inclusive health education and stigma-reduction interventions. Addressing menstrual literacy gaps and tackling stigma in family and healthcare settings may improve support for South Asian women in the UK.