The Role of Psychological Resilience in School Bullying Perspectives on Victims, Perpetrators, and Bystanders

School bullying is a pervasive issue affecting millions of children globally, manifesting in various forms such as physical, verbal, relational, and cyberbullying. The psychological, emotional, and academic repercussions of bullying are profound, influencing not only victims but also perpetrators and bystanders. This literature review explores the critical role of psychological resilience—a dynamic capacity to adapt positively despite adversity—across these three groups. Resilience acts as a protective factor for victims, helping to mitigate depression, anxiety, and social withdrawal while empowering bystanders to adopt prosocial behaviors. For perpetrators, fostering resilience can redirect aggressive tendencies into constructive leadership. The review synthesizes theoretical frameworks, empirical studies, and intervention strategies, highlighting the interplay of individual traits, family dynamics, peer networks, and school climates in shaping resilience. It concludes by emphasizing resilience-focused interventions, teacher training, and policy reforms as transformative tools for creating inclusive and supportive school environments.