"Homo informatio"

Highlights1. A broader cognitive zone of bounded surprisal emerged during Late Miocene times in small social units of mosaic-landscape dwelling homininans than in woodland-dwelling paninans. 2.Small-world homininan networks of small, mixed-sex philopatrial, social units, with maternal and paternal close proximity to children, facilitated the augmentation of intra- and inter-unit information.3. Pliocene and Pleistocene spatiotemporal spread of homininans involved increases of transmissible information that expanded tool-making, resource-exploitation, and communicative fluency.4. Biological and natural processes are indicated which could have been advantageous or disadvantageous to the survival of various homininan taxa identified in the Pliocene and Pleistocene fossil record. Long AbstractA phylogenetical split 8- 6 Ma (million years ago) separated paninan ancestors that were unlike today's chimpanzees, and homininan ancestors that were unlike Homo sapiens today; neither had evolved into their modern physical and behavioural forms. Those paninans later became mainly frugivorous woodland-dwelling Pan whose multifemale-multimale troops have social hierarchies where prominent parts are played by promiscuous males whose female offspring have little choice after menarche but to seek sexual partners in other troops, hostility between troops notwithstanding, whilst male promiscuity is incompatible with paternal interest in their offspring, interest being provided mainly by mothers or female alloparents. Contrary to widespread conjecture that the aforementioned social arrangement was that of primeval homininans, a "heretical" proposal is that by 4 Ma the nature of the mosaic landscapes (of grasslands and stands of trees) that were the habitat of australopithecine homininans, had 4 consequences that impinged on homininan evolution, differentiating it from that of woodland-dwelling paninans: (1) The diversity of whatever was available to eat was not the same in adjoining habitats each of which may have been constrained by whatever mostly could be scrounged, foraged, scavenged, eaten, or carried away, within perhaps a 2-hour walk; (2) Whatever was scroungeable, forageable, scavengeable, and edible within that distance likely was limited at any period of the year, so social units were increasingly omnivorous and necessarily small; (3) Smallness demanded cognitive ingenuity and transmissibiity of existential information acquired by active inference generated by self-evidencing through enacted neuroethological behavioural responses, in line with the free energy principle, thanks to the cognitive broadening of homininan zones of bounded surprisal with respect to paninans' zones, both within each homininan small-world social unit and between nearby homininan units spreading out, in space and time, as budding small-world information networks (eventually reaching Australia and America, propagated by H. sapiens during the Upper Pleistocene);(4) The existential continuity of small homininan social units depended on cooperation and sporadic collaboration between social units with mixed-sex philopatry (perhaps present ~4 Ma among Australopithecus anamensis), behaviour which, together with (a) the generation of information within each unit that is enhanced by the intimate proximity to toddlers and children of older females and males in small mixed-sex social units, and (b) mixed-sex dispersal of sexually-active partners establishing mixed-sex social units at neolocalities nearby, was behaviour that maintained not only heterozygosity, but also, crucial cognitive awareness of kinship links favouring transmissibility of information and cooperation and collaboration (rather than hostility) between neighbouring social units, and was behaviour that represented evolutionary cognitive and social divergence from paninans. The vulnerability of small fragile social units implies that there were hundreds of false dawns between ~4 Ma (Australopithecus anamensis) and ~40,000 BCE when all other homininan palaeospecies (including Homo neanderthalensis) had become extinct, leaving prehistoric Homo sapiens alone to roam the world, blessed with "Homo informatio's" highly-evolved hierarchically mechanistic mind with its unequalled wide cognitive zone of bounded surprisal grounded in active inference in accord with the free energy principle foreshadowed by the nineteenth-century physicist Hermann von Helmholtz.