The Invisible Hands Phenomenon: Epistemic Injustice and Gendered Credibility in Engineering Commissioning

Commissioning engineering is a critical yet under-examined phase in which complex systems transition from construction to operation. Despite extensive research on gender inequalities in engineering, commissioning remains almost absent from this discourse, even though its defining conditions—high technical uncertainty, compressed timelines, ambiguous authority, and uneven visibility—are precisely those under which gendered organisational dynamics intensify. Drawing on testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, this paper introduces the Invisible Hands Phenomenon, a pattern in which preventative or anticipatory technical work becomes organisationally invisible through credibility deficits and attribution dynamics. Three manifestations are theorised: task allocation through credibility circuits, safety voice and strategic invisibility, and cumulative credibility-deficit cascades. The framework demonstrates how epistemic injustice becomes embedded in everyday commissioning practice, shaping technical authority, safety performance, and career progression. The conceptual model clarifies the mechanisms through which credibility, authority, and recognition are unevenly distributed, offering a foundation for future empirical studies to examine these dynamics in situ. For practitioners, the framework highlights the need to recognise and value forms of technical judgement that are easily overlooked yet essential to safe and reliable system performance. Future research should investigate how these mechanisms unfold across different engineering sectors and how they intersect with race, age, and organisational status.