A Unified Engineering Framework for Large-Scale Megalithic Construction

This paper presents a unified engineering model explaining how ancient builders could have feasibly quarried, transported, lifted, and placed multi-ton megalithic stones using principles consistent with modern structural, thermal, and mechanical engineering. The study integrates three layers of analysis—structural load paths, thermal expansion–contraction dynamics, and coordinated mechanical flow—to produce a combined systems framework for large-scale stone construction. Using contour-mapped structural and thermal patterns, the paper identifies repeatable engineering behaviors: distributed weight management, expansion-driven micro-fracture control, and synchronized load-transfer cycles. The work demonstrates how multi-ton stones can be raised using earth-ramp staging, pivot-lever amplification, counterweight mass exchange, and rolling-shear rail platforms. Thermal cycling is shown to assist in stone extraction and precision fitting through controlled expansion and contraction. The unified model provides a coherent explanation for how ancient construction teams could execute high-elevation stone placement—such as in pyramids and monumental terraces—without modern machinery. The framework offers a replicable methodology for understanding large-scale construction prior to industrial technology, with potential applications in modern low-energy heavy-materials engineering.