A Review of Aerodynamic Flow Around an Aircraft: From Analysis to Intelligent Control

For over a century, the central pursuit of aerodynamics has been to predict the behavior of air around a wing. But a quiet revolution is underway. We are moving beyond simply analyzing flow to actively controlling it. This review charts this transition, arguing that the field is evolving from a paradigm of observation to one of intelligent orchestration. We begin by cutting through persistent myths, like the 'equal transit-time' theory, to establish a physically rigorous foundation. We then examine the often-tense partnership between wind tunnels and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), a collaboration forever grappling with the field's grand challenge: turbulence. Ultimately, we contend that the future lies in deep multidisciplinary integration. The next leaps in performance will come from bio-inspired morphing structures, design processes supercharged by machine learning, and a relentless drive for sustainability, forcing us to rethink the very nature of an airframe.