Dynamic Modeling and Efficiency Analysis of an Open-Circuit Hydraulic Actuator System for Construction Machinery

This paper develops and simulates an open-circuit hydraulic actuation system designed to lift heavy mechanical loads as observed in construction machinery applications. Using classical fluid-power theory, dynamic equations are derived to relate pump flow, chamber pressure, and actuator motion. The model takes into consideration leakage, viscous friction, and temperature-dependent viscosity to estimate volumetric and mechanical efficiencies. Three-dimensional efficiency surfaces and transient response plots are generated to visualize how variations in pressure, flow, and temperature impact overall performance. The framework follows the methodologies of Merritt, Esposito, and Parker, linking analytical derivations with real-world engineering parameters consistent with ISO 4413.