Comparative Analysis of Rocket Engine Technologies for Long-Term Space Exploration

This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of various rocket engine technologies considered for long-term space exploration. The propulsion systems examined include Nuclear Thermal Propulsion (NTP), Chemical Rocket Engines, Ion Thrusters, Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP), and Plasma Propulsion Systems. The comparison is based on key criteria such as efficiency (specific impulse), thrust, energy consumption, safety, cost, scalability, environmental impact, reliability and maintenance, and technological readiness. By evaluating these propulsion technologies against each other, the study aims to identify the most viable options for missions extending to Mars, asteroid mining, and deep-space exploration. The findings suggest that while NTP offers superior specific impulse and moderate thrust, ion thrusters and plasma propulsion systems excel in efficiency for prolonged missions. However, considerations regarding safety, cost, and technological maturity play pivotal roles in determining the optimal propulsion system for future space endeavors.