Smart Grid Voltage Protection Using Digital Meters

This paper presents an innovative method for protecting electrical systems from overvoltage and undervoltage faults using a digital meter, Arduino modules, and wireless communication. The system detects voltage variations on a 220V AC single-phase line, cutting off the power supply if the voltage exceeds 250V or drops below 180V. Wireless communication is achieved using the nRF24L01 module to transmit real-time data to a host computer, while a memory card attached to the digital meters stores second-by-second voltage readings. Renewable energy sources are integrated for fault recovery. The microprocessor analyzes the data and restores the main power supply once voltage conditions stabilize. This research highlights the potential for combining fault protection, renewable energy utilization, and wireless communication to enhance electrical grid reliability and efficiency.