A climate-biodiversity funnel that accelerates action towards global goals

Joint action on climate and biodiversity is urgently needed to meet the goals of the Paris Agreement (PA) and Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF). Here, we analyse interlinkages between targets in these two landmark international agreements. We find recognition of climate-biodiversity interactions in the agreement texts (three KM-GBF Targets and four PA Articles), demonstrating scope for formally integrated action. Quantitative analysis indicates that climate-biodiversity interactions generate a ‘funnel’ (bounded by 0.54 (0.32-0.80) GtCO2/Mha) towards achieving PA Article 2 and KM-GBF Target 2. Within the funnel there is a ‘channel’ in which synergies are maximised. The funnel highlights the complex dynamics that can emerge from the interplay of climate and biodiversity and provides a simple filter to prioritize effective joint action.