From awareness to action: Applying Q Methodology to understand local government perspectives to deliver climate resilient WASH

Climate change presents significant threats to the sustainability of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) systems, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, adaptation efforts often overlook the perspectives of those tasked with implementing change at the local level. This study applies Q methodology to explore the subjective viewpoints of local government officials in Nepal and Lao PDR regarding their motivations and perceived barriers to climate-resilient WASH service delivery. Data were collected from 56 participants through individual Q-sorts. Analysis revealed four distinct personas with varying levels of motivation, perceived responsibility, and awareness of social inclusion issues. The study demonstrates the value of Q methodology in capturing localised framings of climate perceptions and highlights its potential as a tool for engaging in climate resilience in WASH at a local level. Findings emphasise the importance of engaging with local government stakeholders to uncover and address root causes of inaction, with the potential to enhance the effectiveness of adaptation planning and policy.