Present and future coastal flooding hazard for Long Island, NY and Long Island Sound (NY/CT), USA.

Coastal flooding and the associated damages due to storms are increasing with sea level rise around the world, with regional variability in the severity of impacts., Researchers and resource managers need to better understand and predict the future shifts in coastal flooding due to these processes to plan for resilient and sustainable communities. Here we present an analysis of long-term historical records of water levels, tides, and modeled present-day wave climatologies, to characterize the present-day inundation extent in Long Island Sound and Long Island, NY. To understand the potential future changes in inundation extent, we provide a similar analysis of future climate projections of non-tidal residuals (storm surge) for the year 2050 and compare these projections with our present-day results. We examine both the magnitude of relatively frequent events with a 0.99 annual exceedance probability to more extreme events with a 0.01 annual exceedance probability (or the 1 in 100-year event). This range of events is relevant for local managers to understand the spatial variability in coastal inundation, in addition to planning for larger more catastrophic events.