Leptospirosis Demystified: Advances in Diagnosis and Effective Management Strategies

Leptospirosis is a globally prevalent zoonotic disease caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It predominantly affects tropical and subtropical regions due to favorable environmental conditions and is transmitted via direct or indirect contact with contaminated sources. In Indonesia, leptospirosis remains a significant public health concern due to factors such as high rodent populations, poor sanitation, and frequent flooding. Clinical manifestations range from mild self-limiting symptoms to severe forms involving renal failure, jaundice, and hemorrhagic complications. Diagnosis is based on exposure history, clinical presentation, and laboratory findings, with confirmation through PCR or serological tests. Management includes prompt initiation of antibiotic therapy, supportive care, and post-exposure prophylaxis tailored to risk stratification. Severe cases may require renal replacement therapy, ventilatory support, and management of organ dysfunction. Early detection and comprehensive treatment are crucial to reducing mortality and morbidity associated with leptospirosis. This review highlights current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies to enhance patient outcomes.