IoT-Based Weather Monitoring System

The Internet of Things (IoT) has ushered in a new era of environmental sensing by enabling dense, distributed networks of low‑power, smart sensors for continuous weather monitoring. This survey presents an in‑depth review of IoT‑based weather monitoring systems, covering sensor technologies, node architectures, communication protocols (LoRaWAN, NB‑IoT, Wi‑Fi, cellular), data ingestion pipelines, cloud integration, real‑time visualization, and emerging trends. We analyze contributions from recent research (2020–2025), identify prevailing design patterns, and highlight technical challenges including sensor calibration drift, energy management, network reliability, security, and interoperability. Although current deployments focus on descriptive analytics, we outline future directions for integrating machine‑learning‑driven forecasting and edge AI. Finally, we recommend best practices to enhance scalability, resilience, and maintainability in next‑generation IoT meteorological networks.