Understanding the Neurobiological Differences Between ADHD and Typical Individuals from a Topological Conceptual Perspective

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that has been extensively studied for its behavioral symptoms. However, the neurobiological underpinnings remain less understood. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the structural, functional, and topological differences in the brain between individuals with ADHD and those without the disorder. Key structural differences include reduced brain volume in specific regions and compromised white matter integrity. Functionally, altered connectivity patterns and hyperactivity in certain brain regions have been observed. Topologically, the architecture of brain networks in ADHD shows disruptions in small-worldness, modularity, and the role of hub regions. The article concludes with a discussion on the implications of these neurobiological differences for diagnosis andtreatment, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to deepen our understanding of this complex condition.