Lucid Dream Control: Mechanisms, Challenges, and Future Directions

Lucid dreaming (LD) is the phenomenon during which dreamers are aware they are dreaming and may be able to influence dream content. Dream manipulation, or dream control, plays a critical role in the applications of LD across both clinical and non-clinical domains and may be a key determinant of therapeutic success. However, not all lucid dreamers are able to effectively influence their dreams, and achieving dream lucidity does not automatically translate into meaningful control. Despite the growing interest in LD, research on the mechanisms, reliability, and effectiveness of dream manipulation remains limited. This work critically reviews the current state of research on dream manipulation within LD, identifies gaps in knowledge, and proposes future directions for addressing challenges in reliably controlling lucid dreams. We begin by exploring the elements of dreams that can be influenced through dream manipulation (including dream environment, body, and narrative) and discuss strategies, challenges, and individual differences in dream control. Additionally, we explore the clinical and non-clinical applications of manipulating lucid dreams and call for future research that focuses on standardizing dream control assessment methods, empirical studies evaluating dream manipulation strategies, and a deeper understanding of the cognitive, emotional, and neurophysiological factors that contribute to successful dream manipulation. Finally, the Lucid Dream Control General (LDC-G) and Lucid Dream Control for Specific Experiences (LDC-SE) scales are proposed as new standardized methods to evaluate dream control during LD. These questionnaires provide individual scores for specific aspects of LD control and overall dream control proficiency.