Non-Canonical DNA Structures Diversity, Functions, and Implications
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DNA, traditionally visualized as the canonical right-handed B-form double helix, demonstrates remarkable structural diversity under physiological and stress conditions. Non-canonical DNA structures, including G-quadruplexes, Z-DNA, H-DNA, triplex DNA, and i-motifs, play pivotal roles in gene regulation, genomic stability, and chromosomal architecture. These structures are not only essential in natural cellular processes but are also implicated in pathological states such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, and genetic disorders. This review provides an in-depth analysis of the structural features, mechanisms of formation, biological significance, and therapeutic potential of non-canonical DNA structures. Moreover, we highlight current technological advancements and challenges in studying these structures, aiming to bridge knowledge gaps in their biomedical applications.
